Bughat Menurut Perspektif Fikih Mazhab

Abstract

This study examines the concept of bughat (rebellion) in Islamic jurisprudence according to the four Sunni schools of law (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, and Hanbali). The research problem addressed is how classical jurists define bughat, what conditions distinguish an act of rebellion against a legitimate Islamic government from ordinary criticism or political dissent, and whether contemporary armed conflicts, such as the conflict in Aceh, Indonesia, can be classified as bughat. This study employs a qualitative library research method with a normative-doctrinal approach, analyzing classical fiqh texts particularly the works of Abdul Qadir Audah and Shaykh Ali Belhaj alongside relevant Qur’anic verses and hadith. The findings show that, despite differences in wording among the four schools, three conditions must be met simultaneously for a group to be classified as bughat: (1) rebellion against a legitimate khalifah/imam, (2) possession of sufficient power (shawkah) enabling domination, and (3) the use of weapons to achieve political aims. The study further concludes that the rebellion in Aceh against the Indonesian government cannot be classified as bughat, since Indonesia is not an Islamic state (Daulah Islamiyyah) governed by Islamic law. It is recommended that the government pursue reconciliation (ishlah) with rebel groups before resorting to armed confrontation, and that captured rebels be treated humanely, given that their status differs from that of non-believers in war.